Human Translation Team Information Team Team Composition (*) Software Translation Procedure ID Translator Proofer/Editor Used? ahk Ar-dom,25 Ar-dom,20 No Initial reading by translator to decide on areas of difficulty and terminology. Research undertaken on unfamiliar references using the internet and reference books. Initial translation on paper. Profreading by Proofer/Editor. Final revision by translator. ahj Ar-dom,25 En-dom,5 No First Pass: Draft translation of document by Principal Translator. Translation is conducted and checked directly on the copy of the document file with the Arabic source retained for most efficient and accurate translation, editing, and factual verification. Second Pass: Translated text is edited for content's meaning, style, fluency, text and proper name spelling and overall grammatical proficiency by Proofer/Editor. Editing comments and corrections are marked on a printed copy for review. Third Pass: Principal Translator reviews and discusses Editor's comments and suggested corrections and makes final decision on relevancy and edits document accordingly. ahi Ar-dom,17 Ar-dom,16 Yes (Al Wafi) Translator does the translation and passes it to proofreader for proofreading. The translations are checked by a third person (usually the project manager) to ensure that formatting and other issues are in accordance with the client's instructions. The translator and proofreader will confer about significant changes or where understanding is incomplete. ahh En-dom,10 Ar-dom,15 No The translator first reads the text in its entirety before translating, then he translates sentence by sentence. After the translation, the translator proofreads his own text. Then the editor proofreads the translation the following way: he reads the original text in its entirety, and then reads the translation in its entirety. Afterwards, he proofreads the text, sentence by sentence, he first looks at the sentence in the original text and ten its translation; he looks for accuracy, choice of words, grammar, structure and style. ahg En-dom,12 Ar-dom,25 No Prints of the source text taken, text translated directly into the computer, followed by a revision by the same translator. It is then cross-checked by an English editor/project manager for grammatical aspect, layout, consistency etc. Wherever required, help is taken from the alternate translator. ahf Ar-dom,20 En-dom,5 No Translated into English by translator. Edited in consultation with translator on points of difficulty Spelling of proper names, organizations, etc. checked by editor ahe En-dom,15 En-dom,37 No The translator prints out the Arabic text and from that performs an initial draft of the translation. He then revises the draft, looking up any proper names in encyclopedias, atlases and the internet. The spelling is checked using the Word for Windows spell checker. The proofreader calls up the Arabic text on one half of the screen and the English on the other. The English is then amended as appropriate, a record is made and the amended text and record is released. ahd Ar-dom,15 En-dom,5 No The translator reads the text through to grasp the gist of it and identify the register. He then starts translating it, using all the usual translation techniques of modulation, transposition, etc. The story is reread, and problematic names of people, organisations or places, are researched; any relevant changes are made. Finally, after finishing a whole batch, the translation is checked for spelling errors and re-read to make sure there are no omissions. The translation is then sent to the proofreader. The proofreader first read the entire translation, marking anything that looked inconsistent or questionable, and correcting any spelling or grammar mistakes. Then the translation is compared to the source for accuracy. This step also involved researching items such as accepted spelling of names, English equivalents to Arabic organizations, etc. Finally the entire translation is read one or two more times, making any necessary changes. ahc Ar-dom,20 Ar-dom,10 No Translation was done by hand and given to a typist who entered it on the computer with minimal proofreading/editing. Once in digital format, text was proofread/edited by the translator. Finally tags were added to conform with required format. The proofreader then edited for accuracy and consistency. The translation was checked for the proper names and titles and the translation style was adapted to be more journalistic. The changes were checked with and approved by the original translator and editor. ahb Ar-dom,5 Ar-dom,15 No The first draft translation is produced by the translator and the review is provided by the proofreader/editor using MS Word Track Changes (Tracking) comparing the source files. Followed by the review of the project manger to go through the Track Changes (accepting and / or rejecting the review). Then the documents are formatted for the output requirements. After that, the document is run through a spelling and grammar check for the second time to insure that none of the text has been changed by the format conversions. (*) If there is only one individual listed, it means the translator does both translation and proofreading/editing. "Ar-dom" means Arabic-dominant bilingual, and "En-dom" means English dominant bilingual. Machine Translation System Information Sys.ID System Information Translation Procedure ama Commercial software Built-in batch translation was used. Unrecognized Arabic words are preserved in the output. Thus output is a mix of plain ASCII and CP1256, which is converted into UTF8 later. ame Commercial software arp Research system